Monday, September 20, 2021

class 9 chapter notes 1

Introduction

  • In Palampur, farming is the main activity. Several other activities such as small-scale manufacturing, dairy transport, etc. are also carried out. 

  • In these production activities, various resources combine to produce the desired goods and services.
  • Palampur is well connected with neighbouring villages and towns. An all-weather road connects the village to Raiganj and further on to the nearest small town. 
  • Many kinds of transport such as bullock carts, tongas, bogeys, motorcycles, jeeps, tractors, and trucks are visible on this road.
  • Palampur has about 450 families belonging to several different castes. 80 families of the upper caste own the majority of the land. 
  • Their houses are quite large and made of brick with cement plastering. 
  • The SCs (Dalits) comprise one-third of the population and live in one corner of the village and in much smaller houses, some of which are of mud and straw.
  • Most of the houses have electric connections. 
  • Electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields. Electricity is also used in various types of small businesses. 
  • Palampur has two primary schools and one high school. There is a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary.

Try yourself:How many families lives in Village Palampur?

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Organisation of Production

Production of any type of goods or services required the services of four factors of production which helps in the overall organisation of production.


  • The first requirement is land and other natural resources such as water, forests, and minerals.
  • The second requirement is labour. Some production activities require highly educated workers, other activities require workers who can do manual work.
  • The third requirement is physical capital, i.e. the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. Tools, machines, buildings can be used in production over many years, and are called fixed capital. Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital these are used up in production.
  • There is a fourth requirement too. One needs knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour, and physical capital and produce an output. This, these days is called human capital. Every production is organized by combining land, labour, physical capital, and human capital, which are known as factors of production.

Try yourself:Working capital stands for :

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Farming in Palampur

1. Land is Fixed

  • Farming is the main production activity in Palampur. 
  • 75 percent of the working people are dependent on farming for their livelihood. 
  • Since 1960 in Palampur, there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. By then, some of the wastelands in the village had been converted to cultivable land. 
  • There exists no further scope to increase farm production by bringing new land under cultivation.

2. Is there a way one can grow more from the same land?

  • All land is cultivated in Palampur. No land is idle. 
  • During the rainy (Kharif) season, people grow jawar and bajra which are used as cattle feed. Between October to December they cultivate potatoes. 
  • In the winter (or the Rabi) season they sow wheat. A part of the land area is also devoted to sugarcane which is harvested once every year.

3. Will the land sustain?

  • Modern farming methods have overused the natural resource base. Due to the increased use of chemical fertilisers, the soil lost its fertility. 
  • Natural resources like soil fertility and groundwater are destroyed and it is very difficult to restore them.

4. How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur?

  • Not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation. In Palampur, about one-third of the 450 families are landless, i.e. 150 families, most of them Dalits, have no land for cultivation.
  • Of the remaining families who own land, 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size.

Land Distribution between Farmers of Palampur 

  • In Palampur, there are 60 families of medium and large farmers who cultivate more than 2 hectares of land. A few of the large farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or more.

5. Who will Provide the Labour?

  • Farming requires a great deal of hard work. Small farmers along with their families cultivate their own fields. Thus, they provide the labour required for farming themselves. Medium and large farmers hire farm labourers to work in their fields.
  • Farm labourers come either from landless families cultivating small plots of land. Unlike farmers, farm labourers do not have a right over the crops grown on the land. Instead, they are paid wages by the farmer for whom they work. Wages can be in cash or in-kind of the crop. Sometimes labourers get meals also.
  • Wages vary widely from region to region, from crop to crop, from one farm activity to another (like sowing and harvesting) there is also a wide variation in the duration of employment a farm labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year.

6. The Capital needed in Farming

  • Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or village moneylenders or traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put in great distress to repay the loan.
  • In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange or the capital needed.
  • Small farmers have a little surplus because their total production is small and from this, a substantial share is kept for their own family needs. So, it is the medium and large farmers who supply wheat to the market.
  • Large and medium farmers sell surplus farm products. A part of the earnings is saved and kept for buying capital for the next season. Thus, they are able to arrange for the capital for farming from their own savings. Some farmers might also use the savings to buy cattle, trucks, or to set up shops.

8. Sale of Surplus Farm Products

  • The wheat the farmers produce from the land is retained in part for their family consumption and they sell the surplus wheat. 
  • Only the medium and large farmers supply wheat to the market.

9. Sustainable use of Land

  • Land being a natural resource, it is very necessary to be careful in its use. Modern farming methods have overused the land resource.
  • Green Revolution is associated with the loss of soil fertility due to the increased use of chemical fertilizers.
  • Continuous use of groundwater for tube well irrigation has reduced the water level below the ground.
  • Environmental resources like soil fertility and groundwater are built up over many years. Once destroyed, it is very difficult to restore them.

10. How Electricity helped the Farmers in Palampur?

  • The major impact of the spread of electricity in Palampur was to transform the system of irrigation.
  • Electricity helped the farmers to shift from the traditional Persian wheels to electricity-run tube wells.
  • The irrigation capacity of electricity-run tube wells is much more than that of the Persian wheels.

Solar Tube Wells


  • The spread of electrical leads literally moved the whole society from darkness to light. It transformed all social-economic norms of life. It is like a whole new world.

Modern Farming Methods

  • The main reasons why farmers are able to grow three different crops in a year are:
    (i) As a result of the coming of electricity in the Palampur village, people have greatly improved the system of irrigation. They can now irrigate more lands quite effectively.
    (ii) Tube wells were first installed by the government but soon people were able to set up their own tube wells.
    (iii) By multiple cropping more than one crop is grown on a piece of land during the same year. All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop.
    (iv) The other way is to use modern farming methods for higher yield. Higher yields are possible from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc.

Green Revolution

  • The large increase in crop yields, leading to record food production started, in our country from 1960 onwards and marked a turning point in Indian agriculture which has led to the green revolution in our country. 
  • The great increase in the production of food grain crops especially the wheat crop in our country during the last 30 years is called the Green Revolution. This is because a sort of revolution has taken place in Indian agriculture leading to enormous food grain production.
  • The revolution is called because it has led to unprecedented greenery of crops everywhere. The period 1960 to 1980 is also called the ‘golden era’ for the record food grain production.


  • It is because of the green revolution that our country has become self-sufficient in food production and even buffer stocks of food grains have been created for use in times of natural calamities like drought and floods.

Try yourself:The Green Revolution introduced the farmers to

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Non Farming Activities in PalampurDairy

  • Dairy is a common activity in many families of Palampur. People feed their buffalos on various kinds of grass and the jawar and bajra that grow during the Kharif season.

  • The milk is sold in Raiganj, the nearby large village. Two traders from Shahpur town have set up collection cum chilling centres at Raiganj from where the milk is transported to faraway towns and cities.

An Example of Small Scale Manufacturing in Palampur

  • Less than fifty people are engaged in manufacturing in Palampur, unlike the manufacturing that takes place in the big factories in the towns and cities. 
  • Manufacturing in Palampur involves very simple production methods and is done on a small scale. It is carried out mostly at home or in the fields with the help of family labour.

The Shopkeepers of Palampur

  • People involved in the trade (exchange of goods) are not many in Palampur. the traders of Palampur are shopkeepers who buy various goods from wholesale markets in the cities and sell them in the village.
  • There are a few small general stores in the village selling a wide range of items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candies, notebooks, pen, pencil, and even some cloth.

Transport: A Fast Developing Sector

  • There are a variety of vehicles on the road connecting Palampur to Raiganj, Rickshawalas, tanga walas, jeep, tractor, truck drivers and people driving the traditional bullock cart and bogey are people in the transport services. 
  • They ferry people and goods from one place to another, and in return get paid for it.

Saturday, September 4, 2021

economics class 10 sectors of economy

Sectors of Economic Activities

All activities that give an income in return are called economic activities.
Example: People going for work in factories, banks, schools, etc.

Economic activities can be classified into different sectors on the basis of the nature of work.

Primary Sector

  • Goods which are produced by exploiting natural resources come under the category of the primary sector.
  • This sector is also called as agriculture and related sector.
    Example: Cotton

Primary Sector of Economy

Secondary Sector

  • Transformation of one good into another comes under the category of the secondary sector.
  • Manufacturing is one of the important components of this sector.
    Example: Transformation of sugarcane into sugar.

Tertiary Sector 

  • All production units producing services that help in the development of primary and secondary sectors come under the tertiary sector category. This is also known as the service sector.
    Example: Services given by doctors, teachers, lawyers etc.

Try yourself:Which of the following activities does not belong to the primary sector?

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Comparing the three Sectors

  • These three sectors are highly interdependent on one another.
  • This can be explained with the help of an example: 
    • Farmers buy goods such as tractors, pump sets, fertilizers (manufacturing sector) to produce agricultural goods (primary sector).
    • This shows the dependence of the primary sector on the secondary sector. 
    • Now farmers want to sell their output. For this, they need transport facilities. It shows the dependence of the primary sector on the tertiary sector.

The Dependency of 3 Sectors on Each Other

  • There are thousands of goods and services produced in an economy. We cannot add different types of goods in practice. So the value of these goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. Comparison can be done among these three sectors on the basis of the value of final goods and services produced.
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. The sum of production in these sectors gives us the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country.
  • Tertiary sector has emerged as the largest sector because it helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors.
  • Several services such as hospitals, banks, insurance companies, transport, and educational institutions are the basic services required by primary and secondary sectors for their normal functioning.

Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised

Organized Sector

  • Organized Sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular.
  • They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations.
  • Therefore people have job security.

Unorganized Sector 

  • Unorganized Sector covers small and scattered units that are largely outside the control of the government. 
  • There are rules and regulations, but they are generally not being implemented by the unorganized sector.
  • Employment is not secure in the unorganized sector.

How to Protect Workers in the Unorganised Sector?

In the unorganized sector, protection and support are required for the workers for their economic and social development. Besides getting irregular and low paid work, they also face social discrimination.

Try yourself:Which of the following examples does not fall under unorganized sector?

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Sectors in terms of Ownership

  • Public sector is the sector that is owned, controlled, and managed by the government. Activities in the government sector are guided by the motive of social welfare and not to earn the profit.
  • In the private sector, ownership of production units is in the hands of private individuals. Activities in the private sector are mainly guided by the motive to earn profit.
    Example: TISCO and RIL
  • Employment is an activity from which a person earns the means of living, i.e. income in cash or in kind.
  • Unemployment refers to a situation where the persons who are able to work and are willing to work, fail to secure work.
  • Underemployment is a situation in which a worker gets work for less time than the time he can work. In other words, he remains unemployed for some months in a year or some hours every day.
  • There was a big change in the share of three sectors in G.D.P. (from 1973 to 2000), but data show that such a similar shift has not been taken place in terms of employment.
    • In secondary sector output went up by 8 times, but it rose up by only 2.5 times in terms of employment.
    • In tertiary sector output went up 11 times whereas employment rose up 3 times.
  • Government can create more employment opportunities by providing better:
    • Infrastructure such as roads, dams, canals etc. 
    • Further, this can be enhanced by providing services like banks, transport and communication.
    • Set up industries that process vegetables and agricultural products like potatoes, rice, wheat, tomato, fruits which can be sold in outside markets.
    • This will provide employment in industries located in semi-rural areas.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005 (NREGA -2005) 

  • This act is implemented as “Right to Work” in all the 604 districts of India.
    Women Employed under NREGA for De-silting a Tank
  • Under this act, all those who are able to work and are in need of work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. However, only one person per family is entitled to this benefit.            Sectors of Economic Activities
    • Primary sector/Agricultural sector - use of natural resources - cultivation of cotton
    • Secondary sector/industrial sector, manufacturing sector
    • Tertiary sector/Service sector
      (a) Development of primary and secondary sector
      (b) generation of services rather than goods.

    Comparing the Three Sectors

    How do we count the various goods and services and know the total production in each sector

    • To include value of final goods and services including the value of all the intermediate goods
    • GDP - sum of production of three sectors in a year
    • Task of measuring GDP by a ministry with the help of various govt, departments of all States and Union Territories.

    Try yourself:The task of measuring GDP is undertaken by the

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    Historical Changes in Sectors

    • Initially primary sector
    • Changes in agriculture
    • Manufacturing and secondary sector
    • Change from secondary to the tertiary sector
    • Rising importance of tertiary sector - Hospitals, defence, transport, trade, storage, increase in income and new demands, development of IT
    • Still more people employed in the primary sector - under-employed/disguised unemployment
    • New employment - How to create: Loan by banks, construction of dams for irrigation; transport facilities and storage of crops; to promote local industries; tourism and MGNREGA 2005.

    Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised

    Organised - Factory Act, Minimum Wages Act and other facilities.
    Unorganised - No such facilities and outside the control of government.
    Need to protect workers in the unorganised sector.

    Sectors in Terms of Ownership: Public and Private Sectors

    • Public and Private
    • Public sector
      • Production of electricity
      • Railways
      • Fair price shops
      • Primary responsibility of government
    • Private sector i.e., Reliance Industries..

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